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Hence, ocean water moves laterally along the layers with the same density. That surface level movement is to some degree vertical and horizontal, perhaps swirling, but within the same general density layer. Circulation in the depths of the ocean is horizontal, a result of deviations in density in constrast to surface circulation which is a product of surface winds. The deep ocean is layered with the most dense water on bottom and the lightest water on top. So, the density of ocean water increases somewhat proportionately as you go to or toward the bottom of the ocean. The temperature of the ocean decreases significantly as you go to the bottom of the ocean. Hence, a layer of water (pycnocline) with higher salinity can actual float on top of water with lower salinity if the layer with higher salinity is quite a bit warmer than the lower salinity layer. However, temperature has a greater effect on the density of water than does salinity. Given two layers of water with the same salinity, the warmer water will float on top of the colder water. Less dense water floats on top of more dense water. Increasing salinity also increases the density of sea water. So, the colder the water, the more dense it is. Ocean water gets more dense as temperature goes down.

The first is the temperature of the water and the other us the salinity of the water. There are two main factors that make ocean water more or less dense than about 1027 kg/m 3. Density of ocean water at the sea surface is about 1027 kg/m 3. Ocean water is more dense because of the salt in it. The density of pure water is 1000 kg/m 3. This is applicable for any fluid that is primarily water based. Then click on the Calculate button and the water density is calculated and displayed, based on your input data. In our calculator, enter the temperature in degrees C or F (click anywhere outside of any of the fields for the conversion), and the salinity in mg/L or the equivalent of PPM. Use this calculator to account for pressure. Pressure is a large factor in water density in the ocean. This script determines the density of water is a function of both temperature and salinity pressure is assumed at the surface since this is for non-depth related samples. Worked Examples: Converting Percentage Concentration to ppmįollow these 4 steps to convert percentage concentration to parts.This calculator requires the use of Javascript enabled and capable browsers. M/v (w/v) and m/m (w/w) concentrations and parts per million will be discussed in the following section (after the worked examples of percentage concentration and ppm below). V/v concentration is NOT the same as a %(v/v) concentration M/m concentration is NOT the same as a %(m/m) concentration W/v concentration is NOT the same as a %(w/v) concentration M/v concentration is NOT the same as a %(m/v) concentration

Where x is the value of the percentage concentration This is true for other similar percentage concentrations:įor mass/volume percentage concentrations (m/v% or w/v%):įor mass/mass percentage concentrations (m/m% or w/w%): We could write a mathematical expression equating parts per hundred (a percentage) and parts per million (ppm) as shown below: How would we convert that to a concentration in parts per million (ppm) ? This means that there are 9 000 parts of NaCl in every 1 000 000 parts of the solution.īut the concentration of a solution is sometimes given as a percentage.Ī percentage concentration tells you how many parts of solute are present in 100 parts of solution.įor example, the ethanol content in wine is often given as about 12%(v/v), that is, 12% of the volume of the wine is ethanol, or, there are 12 parts of ethanol in every 100 parts of solution. Recall that, in general, concentration tells you how much solute is present in a solution.Ī concentration in parts per million (ppm) tells you how many parts of solute are present in 1 000 000 parts of solution.įor example, a saline solution is a dilute aqueous solution of sodium chloride, NaCl (aq), with a concentration of 9 000 ppm. Parts per million and Percentage Concentration Calculations